First Deadline For Compliance With Accessibility Legislation For Federally Regulated Employees Is Around The Corner Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Ontario Proposes to Increase Administrative Monetary Penalties for Environmental Offences Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Don’t Assume that Following an Industry Standard Is Enough to Comply with OHS Requirements Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
May 3 – Perils of Contracting for Construction Work: Uncertain Responsibilities of Project Owners Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Is Following an Industry Standard Enough to Show Due Diligence—Scorecard of Legal Cases Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
How Helping Employees Cope with Mental Illness Can Improve Your Company’s Bottom Line Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Alberta Announces Changes To The Occupational Health And Safety Code, Effective Spring 2023 Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Federal Government Rolls Out Ambitious New Zero-Emissions Vehicle Regulations Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
What’s the Difference between a Safe Work Practice and Safe Job Procedure? – Ask The Expert Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
BC Employers’ OHS Obligations to Address Workplace Bullying and Harassment Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Does Wrong Advice from Government Officials Excuse Environmental Violations? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Special Protections for Pregnant/Breastfeeding Workers – Know the Laws of your Province Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Ontario Revises Emissions Performance Standards Program to Align with Federal OBPS Changes Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Supervisory Due Diligence: Satisfying Your Responsibility For Occupational Health & Safety Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Arbitrator Finds Three-Dose Mandatory Vaccination Requirement Reasonable In Long-Term Care Homes Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Union Loses Bid to Overturn Mandatory Vaccination Policy for Lack of Notice Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Minor Chemical Spill Isn’t Serious Enough to Justify Post-Incident Drug Testing Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Reassigning Work Subject to an OHS Work Refusal – Know The Laws of Your Province Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Climate Change And Working Conditions: Could Your Employer Be Responsible For Providing You An Air Conditioner? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Certification Motion Dismissed In Proposed Roadway Design Class Action In Ontario Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Minimizing Liability Risks When Rejecting Unrealistic JHSC Recommendations – Compliance Game Plan Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Employer’s Legal Obligations: Harassment, Bullying, Violence in the Workplace Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Employee Who Refused to Mask Told by Court That Losses Were “Self-Inflicted” Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Protecting Athletes Is No Game: Federal Minister Of Sport Announces New Measures To Make Sport Safer In Canada Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
How to Accommodate a Worker Who Needs Time Off for Chemotherapy – Ask The Expert Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Are Employers Liable to Visitors Who Suffer Injuries on the Property? – Quiz Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Is Employer Liable for Ladder Fall Caused by Worker’s Carelessness? – Ask The Expert Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Is a Company to Blame for Injuries Caused by Worker’s Safety Violations? – Ask The Expert Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
New & Young Worker Safety Orientation & Training – Know The Laws Of Your Province Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Notice of Projects for Construction Work – Know The Laws Of Your Province Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
The Top 5 Workplace Summer Safety Hazards (and What You Can Do About Them) Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Alberta, Canada Human Rights Tribunal Reminds Employees They Have Duties In The Workplace Accommodation Process Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Occupational Diseases Covered by Workers Comp – Know The Laws Of Your Province Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Which Illnesses Are Considered “Occupational Diseases” for Workers Comp? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Which Hazardous Spills Must You Report to the Government? – Ask The Expert Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Key Trends In Arbitration Awards Pertaining To Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccination Policies Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Arbitrator Decides Employer Could Terminate Employee Who Refused Government-Ordered Vaccination Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Safeopedia Presents: A Review of Medical Surveillance In Occupational Health Programs Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Making It Work: How to Build a Robust Safety Training Program, Globally Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
OHS Hazard Identification & Assessment – Know the Laws of Your Province Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
WorkSafeBC’s High-Risk Strategy for Construction Taking a Risk-Based Approach to Reduce Injuries Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Pay No Attention To The Blinking Red Light: Employee Monitoring Laws Announced In Ontario Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Safeopedia Presents: Safety Culture vs. Corporate Culture: A Strategy for Both Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Safeopedia Presents: The Time is Now: 5 Steps to a Strong Safety Culture Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Ontario Removing Masking Requirement On March 21 In Most Settings And Ending All COVID-19 Public Health Measures On April 27 Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Alberta Labour Relations Board Ices Union Complaint Against Vaccination Policy Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Arbitrator Decides COVID-19 Pandemic Is Cataclysmic Event That Did Not Trigger Entitlement To Severance Under Layoff Provisions Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
New Ontario Law Requires Employers to Adopt Digital Monitoring Policies Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Avoid Privacy Violations When Using GPS and Other Monitoring Technologies to Ensure Workers’ Safety Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Bill 88, Working For Workers Act, 2022: Ontario Introducing More Changes For Employers Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Proposed Ontario Legislation Mandating Decision Timelines In Regulated Professions Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Ministry Of Labour Provides Guidance On Disconnecting From Work Policies And Non-Compete Agreements Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Which Company Is Liable, as an Employer, for Excavation Gas Pipe Explosion? – Quiz Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
How to Protect Workers from Atmospheric Hazards Inside Excavations & Trenches Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Ontario Introduces Bill 88: Legislation Mandating Electronic Monitoring Policies And Workplace Naloxone Kits And Increasing Fines Under The OHSA Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Reminder To Federal Employers: Deadline For Annual Workplace Harassment And Violence Occurrence Report Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Numerous Provinces Announce The End Of Provincial Vaccine Mandates, What Does This Mean For The Future? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Workplace Injury And Teleworking: Can A Fall Outside The Home Be Considered A Workplace Accident? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Newly Proposed Federal Regulations Impose National Ban on Single-Use Plastics Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Material Handling: Employer Didn’t Use Due Diligence to Prevent Overhead Crane Operator Injury Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Excavations: CNESST Inspector’s Estimate Not Enough to Prove Trench Violation Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Workplace Violence: OK to Fire Hospital Employee for Violence against His Co-Worker Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
COVID-19: Enforcing Mandatory Vaccination Policy Is Not an OHS Reprisal Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
COVID-19: Arbitrator Strikes Down Unilateral Get-Vaccinated-or-Get-Fired Policy Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Harassment: Employee Took Too Long to File Harassment Constructive Dismissal Case Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Ergonomics: No Proof that Repetitive Work Tasks Caused Housekeeper’s Shoulder Injury Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Privacy: Employer Doesn’t Have to Stop Using Allegedly Privacy-Invasive GPS App Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Machines: Plywood Manufacturer Fined $547,000 for Failing to Prevent Machine Injuries Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Workers Comp: Does Workers Comp Bar Lawsuit by US Workers Injured on Canadian Soil? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Driving/Transportation: RV Dealer Fined $185,000 for Fatal Towing Accident Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Drugs & Alcohol: Black Worker Required to Acknowledge Safety-Sensitive Status Claims Racism Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Drugs & Alcohol: Being Impaired at Work Is Just Cause to Fire Safety-Sensitive Railway Worker Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Powered Mobile Equipment Operator Qualifications – Know The Laws Of Your Province Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Workplace Vaccine Mandates Being Upheld as Challenges Largely Tossed Out Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Is a Worker’s Failure to Disclose Medical Marijuana Use Grounds for Termination? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
What to Do When a Worker Shows Signs of Substance Abuse – Ask The Expert Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
2022 Ergonomics Planning: Top 5 Factors That Will Impact Injury Prevention Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Trudeau to Minister of Environment: Push for Mandatory Climate Change Disclosure Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
New Critical Worker Exemption In Alberta Allows Workers With COVID-19 To Attend Work Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
How to Comply with New Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations Training Rules Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Carbon Monoxide Safety: How to Protect Your Home, Identify Issues, and Respond to Emergencies Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Why It Matters: The Human Story Behind a Worker’s Combustible Dust Death Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
What’s the Difference between Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Flammable Liquids? – Ask The Expert Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Woman Who Falls Down Stairs While Working From Home Eligible for Worker’s Compensation Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Use The 2021 Annual Due Diligence Scorecard To Measure Your Own Ohs Compliance Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
How Big a Fine Should an Employer Get for a First Offence Forklift Fatality? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
WorkSafeBC Lowers the Boom on Prime Contractor after Gas Worker’s Death Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Union Employee Fired for Distracted Driving Can’t Sue for Money Damages Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Court Says It Lacks Authority to Block RCMP Mandatory Vaccination Policy Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Using Performance Appraisals To Hold Supervisors Accountable For Safety Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
OK to Require Medical Exam of Marijuana User’s Fitness for Safety-Sensitive Job Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Mining Company Fined $120,000 for Drilling Too Close to Rock Structures Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Potential Suicide Risks Grounds for Workers Comp Not to Pay for Medical Pot Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Arbitrator Reinstates Worker Fired for Shop Room Floor Fight with Co-Worker Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Court Upholds OHS Officer’s Rejection of Worker’s Confined Space Work Refusal Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Court Refuses to Pull Plug on RCMP Employees’ $1.1 Billion Harassment Lawsuit Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
No Security Clearance for Employee Involved in Drug Trafficking Incident Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Ontario Court Opens Door to Harassment-Based Constructive Dismissal Claims Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Ontario Case Draws New Line on Power of Arbitrator to Review Drug Testing Policies Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Failure to Name Prime Contractor Makes Construction Site Owner the Prime Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Employer Must Prove It Had Just Cause to Fire Employee for Medical Absence Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Firing Union Nurse for Alcohol Addiction Is a Labour, Not a Human Rights Case Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
COVID-19 Status Update: Workplace Precautions, Vaccinations, and Where We Go From Here Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Tips for Promoting Employee Well-Being & Mental Health in the Workplace Infographic Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
To What Extent are Employees Barred From Pursuing Stress Claims in Court? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Canadian Corporate Immigration: Understanding and Navigating the System Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Information You Must List in Accident Reports – Know the Laws of Your Province Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Avoid Incriminating Yourself When Reporting Work Incidents to OHS Officials Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Scorecard of the Key Workplace Drugs & Alcohol Cases Decided Since Marijuana Legalization Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
How to Create a Legally Enforceable Workplace Drugs & Alcohol Testing Policy Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Construction Safety And The Owner: Damned If You Don’t, Probably If You Do. Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Ionizing & Non-Ionizing Radiation Safety – Know the Laws of Your Province Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
3 Years After the Legalization of Marijuana in Canada: An OHS Compliance Update Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Creating Effective Employment Contracts that Protect your Company’s Resources and Future Business Prospects Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
You Make The Call: Did Employer Use Due Diligence To Prevent Lockout Injury? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
JHSC Membership and Co-Chair Requirements – Know the Laws of Your Province Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Worker’s Deliberate Refusal to Wash Hands Is Worthy of a 4-Month Suspension Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Strong OHS Program Not Enough to Prove Due Diligence for Foreseeable Risk Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Workers Comp Doesn’t Bar Harassed Worker’s Constructive Dismissal Lawsuit Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Company Had the Right Safety Policy but Didn’t Make Workers Aware of It Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Texting at Service Stop Is Just Cause to Fire Driver with Disciplinary History Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Prime Contractor Gets 6-Figure OHS Fine for Excavation Project Injuries Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Consider Requiring Covid-19 Testing As An Alternative To Mandatory Vaccination Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
One Harassment Incident Justifies Termination When It’s a Sexual Assault Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Workers Comp Nixes Employer’s Claim for Cost Relief for Firefighter’s PTSD Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Requiring Disclosure of Legal Drugs Allowed Only for Safety-Sensitive Workers Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Contractor Fined Half a Million for 21-Year-Old Construction Worker’s Death Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Court Was Wrong to Convict Excavation Contractor for Fall Protection Violation Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Roofing Contractor Used Due Diligence to Prevent Fall Protection Violation Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Employer Must Pay $150K for Supervisor’s Attempt to Falsify Injury Report Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Nuclear Plants Can’t Do Random Drug Testing Until Privacy Issues Are Resolved Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Company Official Fined for Refusing OHS Investigator Interview without a Lawyer Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Positive Urine + Negative Oral Swab Test Don’t Prove Marijuana Impairment Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Employer Pays The Price When Supervisor Tells Worker To Lie About Workplace Injury Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Failure to Guard Conveyor Results in Entanglement Death and $350,000 Fine Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Dept. of Transportation Fined Nearly $100,000 for Fatality to Contractor’s Worker Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Supervisor Must Pay Discrimination Damages for Sexual Assault of Worker Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
CSJ Didn’t Give Employer Chance to Answer Lack of Harassment Policy Exclusion Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Accessibility, Emergency Evacuation And The Need To Accommodate The Special Needs Of The Disabled Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Why Hiring Constructors May No Longer Get Ontario Site Owners Off The Liability Hook Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Are Employers Liable for Injuries Caused by Victims’ Own Safety Violations? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
No Proof that Excavator Contractor Violated Waterside Safety Regulations Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Traffic Accident Is Work Related Even If Worker Isn’t Doing Ordinary Job Duties Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Criminal Weapons Possession Charges Doesn’t Justify Worker’s Suspension Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Fatal Traffic Accident Costs Bus Driver His Driving Position but Not His Job Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Court More than Doubles OHS Fine against Garage Owner for Explosion Death Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Union Shop Steward’s Confrontational Protest of COVID Rules Is Insubordination Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Union Loses Termination Case because It Waited Too Long to Name Arbitrator Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
COVID Restrictions on Religious Gatherings Don’t Violate Charter Rights Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Keeping Face Masks Mandatory After COVID-19 Health Order Expires – Ask The Expert Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
How to Avoid OHS Liability When Contracting with “Prime Contractors”/“Constructors” Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Government Programs Support Private Sector Cleantech Development Projects Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Reimagining Occupational Health & Safety in Quebec – AVETTA white paper Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Surviving today’s OHS challenges in a COVID world – three steps to meeting your future OHS needs today! – Sponsored by Avetta Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Smooth & Safe Operations: The Safety Leader’s Role in Business Continuity Planning – Sponsored by Avetta Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Avetta presents: Safety Leadership and Engagement – How are You Driving Safety Culture Success? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Avetta presents: Opioids/Cannabis Workplace Drug Testing – What Should Employers Know? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Avetta presents: Elements of a Workplace Violence Safety Program- Do’s and Don’ts Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Practical Guidance in the Wake of a Catastrophe: What to Do if a Tragic Accident Occurs at your Workplace – Sponsored by Avetta Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Heavy Equipment Company Fined $60,000 for Improper Disposal of Solid Waste Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Installing Camera in Truck to Analyze Accident Causes Is Valid Safety Measure Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Driver Keeps His Job Even Though His “Slackness” Caused Expensive Accident Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
OK to Charge Constructor as “Employer” for OHS Violation, Says Top Court Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Food Processor Fined $138,000 for Machine Guarding and Lockout Violations Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
High Court Upholds Denial of Injured Worker’s Wage Replacement Benefits Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Positive Marijuana Test Doesn’t Prove Worker Was Impaired at Time of Accident Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Employment Law Fundamentals: Employment Terminations in a Non-Union Workplace Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Private Pain and Public Risk: Addressing Domestic Violence in the Workplace Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Federal Government Publishes New Greenhouse Gas Offset System Regulations Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Workers Compensation Claims for Adverse Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccine Possible Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
SAFEOPEDIA Presents: SAFETY LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM – A Three Part Workshop Series Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Court Nixes Due Diligence Defence for Training and Machine Guarding Violations Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Fight with Co-Worker Isn’t Grounds for Workers Comp Mental Stress Benefits Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
PEI Court Faces Novel Question in Sentencing for Deliberate COVID-19 Violation Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
OK to Treat Union’s Failure to Object as Approval of Disciplinary Action Extension Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
GN Must Stand Trial for Not Stopping Local Government’s Sexual Harassment Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
BC Mining Giant Hit with Record-High $60 Million Fisheries Violation Fine Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Court Declines to Rule on Long-Ago Work Refusal Because the Point Is Moot Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
What Leeway Do You Have Under OHS Laws to Implement Alternative Safety Measures? Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Is a First Distracted Driving Offence Just Cause to Terminate? – Ask The Expert Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
SAFEOPEDIA Presents: Safety Metrics to Take Your Organization Beyond Zero Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Don’t Incriminate Yourself When Reporting Workplace Accidents to OHS Officials Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Safe Work Procedure for Work Involving Heat Stress Hazards – First Aid & Emergency Response Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Safe Work Procedure for Work Involving Heat Stress Hazards – Supervisor Training Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Safe Work Procedure for Work Involving Heat Stress Hazards – Worker Acclimatization Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Safe Work Procedure for Work Involving Heat Stress Hazards – Heat Wave Work Precautions Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Safe Work Procedure for Work Involving Heat Stress Hazards – Weather Monitoring Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Safe Work Procedure for Work Involving Heat Stress Hazards – Access to Shade Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Safe Work Procedure for Work Involving Heat Stress Hazards – Cold Water Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Dear Boss: Can I Work Remotely From Hawaii? Labour, Employment & Human Rights Bulletin Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
To Stop Workplace Violence Focus on Psychological Safety, Not Shooting Sprees Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
Arbitrator Finds Paid Sick Leave Not Required In Some COVID-19 Situations Jeffrey Turner Jeffrey Turner
